Official Full Name
N-Methylhydantoinase
Background
In enzymology, a N-methylhydantoinase (ATP-hydrolysing) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: ATP + N-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione + 2 H2O rightleftharpoons ADP + phosphate + N-carbamoylsarcosine. The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, N-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and N-carbamoylsarcosine. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in cyclic amides. This enzyme participates in arginine, creatinine, and proline metabolism.
Synonyms
N-methylimidazolidine-2#4-dione amidohydrolase (ATP-hydrolysing); N-methylhydantoin amidohydrolase; methylhydantoin amidase; N-methylhydantoin hydrolase; N-methylhydantoinase
N-methylhydrogenase is an enzyme that plays a key role in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds. It is an important member of the aminohydrolase family, involved in the hydrolysis of amide, peptide and ester bonds in various biomolecules. n-Methylhydrogenase was first discovered in 1960 by Snell and Hicks in a microbial strain. It was later isolated and purified from Agrobacterium radiodurans by Ikai and his colleagues in 1993. The enzyme is present in a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, suggesting that it plays an important role in cellular metabolism.
Structure
N-methylhydantoinase is a homodimeric enzyme consisting of two identical subunits, each with a molecular weight of approximately 24 kDa. D'Amico and colleagues first solved the crystal structure of N-methylhydantoinase in 2002, revealing that the enzyme belongs to the aminohydrolase superfamily. Each subunit of the molecule consists of a central β-sheet surrounded by an α-sheet. the active site of N-methylhydantoinase is located in a deep solvent-accessible pocket, which consists of conserved residues including His43, Asp105, His163 and Ser212. these residues are thought to be involved in coordinating metal ion and/or substrate binding.
Functions
The enzyme N-methylhydantoin catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-methylhydantoin to form N-aminocarbamyl sarcosine and methylamine, which are subsequently further metabolized to urea. This reaction is a key step in the catabolism of amino acids and other nitrogenous compounds by many microorganisms.
Mechanism
The mechanism of N-methyl hydrogenase has been extensively studied and a proposed mechanism has been put forward by some researchers. The enzyme is thought to use a two-step process in which a water molecule is first activated by a metal ion at the active site, forming a nucleophilic hydroxide. The hydroxide then undergoes nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl group of the N-methylhydantoin substrate, leading to the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate. The tetrahedral intermediate is then cleaved by elimination of the methyl group to form N-aminocarbonyl sarcosine and methylamine. The metal ion in the active site is critical to this reaction because it is involved in coordinating the negatively charged intermediates and stabilizing the transition state.
Clinical Significance
N-methylhydantoinase is clinically relevant in several ways. For example, the enzyme is involved in the degradation of purines and pyrimidines, which are essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. damage to the N-methylhydantoinase pathway can lead to the accumulation of purines and pyrimidines in the body, resulting in various genetic disorders such as Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and gout.
Applications
The application of N-methylhydantoinase goes beyond its clinical significance. This enzyme is also used in several industrial processes, including the production of biodegradable plastics, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates. These plastic polymers are synthesized by bacteria using organic compounds as a carbon source. The biodegradability of these polymers makes them an attractive alternative to conventional, non-biodegradable plastics.
Conclusion
N-methylhydantoinase is an essential enzyme involved in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds. It plays an important role in various biological processes, including the degradation of purines and pyrimidines, the biodegradation of environmental pollutants, and the production of biodegradable plastics. Understanding the function, structure and mechanism of this enzyme opens the way for the development of new therapeutic strategies to combat genetic diseases, antibiotics and environmental pollution.
