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Active Site Mapping

The precise characterization of an enzyme's active site is crucial for understanding its catalytic mechanism, substrate specificity, and potential for engineering. At Creative Enzymes, our Active Site Mapping service provides comprehensive insights into the molecular architecture, key residues, and functional dynamics of enzyme active sites. By combining advanced experimental and computational techniques, we enable clients to identify critical residues, delineate binding pockets, and guide rational design of inhibitors, substrates, or engineered enzymes.

Why Study the Enzyme Active Site

Enzyme active sites are the focal points where substrates bind and reactions occur. Knowledge of active site architecture and functional residues is essential for elucidating reaction mechanisms, predicting substrate compatibility, and designing targeted modulators. Traditional methods such as mutagenesis and kinetic assays, when integrated with modern spectroscopic and computational approaches, offer unprecedented resolution in identifying critical interactions within the active site. Active site mapping thus serves as a foundational tool in biocatalysis, drug discovery, and protein engineering.

Enzyme active site and its role in drug discoveryFigure 1. The distal sites important to enzymes functions. A, distal hot spots coupled to active center. B, Functional mutations distal from the TEM-1 active sites. (Yu et al., 2022)

Our Service Offerings

Service Workflow

Workflow of enzyme active site mapping service

Service Details

Creative Enzymes provides a thorough and customizable Active Site Mapping service encompassing experimental, computational, and analytical approaches:

Service Details
Experimental Characterization
  • Site-Directed Mutagenesis: Systematic substitution of amino acids to determine their contribution to catalysis and substrate binding.
  • Kinetic Profiling: Measurement of activity changes for wild-type and mutant enzymes to pinpoint functional residues.
  • Chemical Labeling & Foot printing: Use of covalent probes or reactive substrates to identify accessible residues within the active site.
  • Spectroscopic Techniques: UV-Vis, fluorescence, CD, or NMR-based detection of conformational changes and interactions at the active site.
  • Inhibitor Binding Studies: Evaluation of known or custom-designed inhibitors to validate functional sites.
Computational Mapping
  • Molecular Docking: Simulation of substrate and inhibitor binding to identify key residues and interaction hotspots.
  • Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Analysis of enzyme flexibility, substrate orientation, and dynamic interactions within the active site.
  • Structural Modeling & Visualization: High-resolution three-dimensional mapping of the active site for intuitive interpretation and design guidance.
Integrated Analysis & Reporting
  • Comprehensive correlation of experimental and computational results.
  • Identification of catalytic residues, substrate-binding pockets, and essential structural motifs.
  • Visual and quantitative presentation of active site features for downstream applications, including enzyme engineering or drug discovery.

Contact Our Team

Advantages of Our Services

Expertise

Decades of experience in enzymology, structural biology, and computational modeling.

Comprehensive Approach

Integration of experimental and computational methodologies ensures robust and reliable mapping.

Customization

Projects are tailored to enzyme type, client objectives, and desired level of resolution.

Cutting-Edge Technology

Use of state-of-the-art instrumentation, high-performance computing, and advanced software tools.

Actionable Insights

Results provide clear guidance for enzyme engineering, inhibitor design, and substrate optimization.

Confidentiality & Compliance

Strict adherence to data security and regulatory standards.

Representative Case Studies

Case 1: Active Site Mapping of a Human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase for Drug Discovery

Client Challenge:

A pharmaceutical company is developing selective inhibitors for PTPs implicated in cancer. However, the client's lead compound inhibited multiple phosphatases, resulting in off-target effects. Without precise knowledge of the enzyme active site, optimizing selectivity was difficult.

Solution:

We performed active site mapping using a combination of covalent probes, site-directed mutagenesis, and molecular docking. This approach identified critical residues that contributed to substrate binding and catalysis. Mapping also revealed subtle structural differences among homologous PTPs that could be exploited for selective inhibitor design.

Outcome:

  • Identified three key residues that dictated substrate specificity.
  • Guided synthesis of a new inhibitor with 5-fold improved selectivity for the target PTP over closely related isoforms.
  • Enabled more focused lead optimization and reduced potential off-target toxicity.

Case 2: Mapping the Acceptor Site of a Bacterial Glycosyltransferase

Client Challenge:

A biotech company is developing an enzymatic glycosylation process for small molecules intended for pharmaceutical applications. The bacterial glycosyltransferase showed promiscuous activity toward multiple acceptor substrates, producing heterogeneous products. Optimizing regioselectivity required detailed knowledge of the acceptor-binding residues.

Solution:

We applied site-directed mutagenesis combined with molecular docking and kinetic analysis to systematically probe residues within the acceptor-binding pocket. This identified "gatekeeper" residues controlling substrate orientation and specificity. Mutants were tested in enzyme assays to confirm predicted effects.

Outcome:

  • Engineered variants produced single-regioisomer products with >90% yield.
  • Reduced unwanted side reactions, improving downstream purification.
  • Provided structural insight that enabled rational design of next-generation glycosyltransferase variants for pharmaceutical use.

FAQs

  • Q: Which enzymes can be analyzed using your active site mapping service?

    A: We can analyze a broad spectrum of enzymes, including hydrolases, oxidoreductases, transferases, lyases, and ligases, for both natural and engineered variants.
  • Q: How long does active site mapping typically take?

    A: The timeline varies depending on enzyme complexity and project scope, typically ranging from 6 to 10 weeks. Expedited services are available for urgent projects.
  • Q: Are purified enzymes required?

    A: Yes, purified enzymes with confirmed activity are preferred. We can provide enzyme purification service if necessary.
  • Q: Can your results support drug or inhibitor design?

    A: Absolutely. Identification of functional residues and binding pockets enables rational inhibitor design and structure-guided drug development.
  • Q: What deliverables are included?

    A: Clients receive a detailed report, 3D visualizations of active sites, raw and processed experimental data, computational models, and actionable recommendations.
  • Q: Do you offer follow-up consultation?

    A: Yes, our team provides guidance on interpreting results, planning subsequent experiments, and applying insights to enzyme engineering or therapeutic development.

References:

  1. Hong SH, Xi SY, Johns AC, et al. Mapping the chemical space of active‐site targeted covalent ligands for protein tyrosine phosphatases. ChemBioChem. 2023;24(10):e202200706. doi:10.1002/cbic.202200706
  2. Variot C, Capule D, Arolli X, et al. Mapping roles of active site residues in the acceptor site of the PA3944 Gcn5‐related N ‐acetyltransferase enzyme. Protein Science. 2023;32(8):e4725. doi:10.1002/pro.4725
  3. Yu H, Ma S, Li Y, Dalby PA. Hot spots-making directed evolution easier. Biotechnology Advances. 2022;56:107926. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107926

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